PCL 2- Lim has a pain in the arm

What is pain?
- somatic sensation
-can be physical or emotional
- prevent from injury
-sensation that hurts


Different type of pain:

Nociceptive or Non-nociceptive
Chronic pain, ongoing condition. persist longer than healing period
Acute pain (short period, result from injury,surgery or illness)

Chronic, acute --> for management

sharp pain: neuropathic pain
dull pain: visceral pain (gastric pain, )
referred pain: like appendicitis
angina: short throbbing pain
phantom pain: burning pain, may result to amputation,

Pain description: use range, throbbing pain, stabbing, excruciating etc

History: *features you want to know on history
how the pain started, previous experience, activities, medications taken (side effects), the way she sleeps, referred pain, similar episodes, insect bites, local allergies, masculoskeletal disorders, strains, dislocation of the bone, external stimuli (cold/hot), nerves disorders, compartment syndrome, cellulitis (find out),

IF it is masculoskeletal disorders, features of history: occupations, check the patient reflex, daily activities, any physical sports before

Mrs. Lim history:
88 years old, speaks Hakka, lives with her daughter, diagnosed with breast cancer in 1999 (treated with Tomoxifen) hypertension, heart disease

chief complaint: pain in the left arm last for 24 hours (causes her to have trouble sleeping), pain extends below left shoulder to hand, aggrevating factor: grasping things, Quality of pain: allodynia (is usually a neuropathy), hyperasthesia (increased intensity of pain)

Factors affecting how patient perceives pain
-religion, age, gender, mood, appearance, fears, expectations, dependency, comparison,


RESEARCH TOPICS:

1. What is pain - Jon
2. Types and causes of pain - Revathy
3. History taking - Jin Li
4. Phantom pain -Jon
5. Shingles
- predisposing factors - Teh
- signs and symptoms - Gurki
-pathophysiology - Dev, Sharvin
-diagnosis - Rezza
- investigation - Amlah
- management and treatment - Deena
- prognosis - Deena
- epidemiology - Teh
6. Dermatomes - Charlene. Valerie
7. Management of pain - Nicole, Lincoln