PCL 12 - Millenium Goals

United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

- 8 goals

- all 191 UN member states agreed to try to achieve by 2015

- derived from the United Nations Millennium Declaration (signed in September 2000 in New York)

- provide concrete, numerical benchmarks for tackling extreme poverty in its many dimensions

- MDGs breakdown into 21 quantifiable targets that are measured by 60 indicators

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Targets

• Target 1a: Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day

1.1 Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per day 1.2 Poverty gap ratio 1.3 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption

• Target 1b: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people

1.4 Growth rate of GDP per person employed 1.5 Employment-to-population ratio 1.6 Proportion of employed people living below $1 (PPP) per day 1.7 Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment

• Target 1c: Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

1.8 Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age 1.9 Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption WHO activities WHO is working with countries: to build capacity in using standard growth assessment tools; to assist in planning and conducting nutritional surveys; to support the analysis and interpretation of nutritional survey results; to support the development of nutritional surveillance systems; to ensure that nutrition is an integral part of care and support for people with HIV and TB; to develop national nutrition plans and policies; and to strengthen the delivery of essential nutrition actions.

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Targets

• Target 2a: Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling

  2.1 Net enrolment ratio in primary education 2.2 Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary 2.3 Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds, women and men

While UNDP is not a specialised expert agency in education, we use our role as coordinator of the UN development system to support the mandates of other agencies.

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Targets

• Target 3a: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015

3.1 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education 3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector 3.3 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament WHO key working areas In partnership with Member States and others, WHO: furthers the empowerment of women, especially as it contributes to health; supports the prevention of and response to gender-based violence; promotes women's participation and leadership, especially in the health sector; defines ways in which men can be engaged to promote gender equality and to contribute more to their own health and that of their families and communities; builds the capacity of WHO and its Member States to identify gender equality-related gaps; and provides support for gender-responsive policies and programmes.

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

Targets

• Target 4a: Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five

4.1 Under-five mortality rate 4.2 Infant mortality rate 4.3 Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised against measles

While UNDP is not a specialised expert agency in health, we use our role as coordinator of the UN development system to support the mandates of other agencies.

WHO strategies To deliver these interventions, WHO promotes four main strategies: appropriate home care and timely treatment of complications for newborns; integrated management of childhood illness for all children under five years old; expanded programme on immunization; infant and young child feeding. These child health strategies are complemented by interventions for maternal health, in particular, skilled care during pregnancy and childbirth.

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Targets

• Target 5a: Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio

5.1 Maternal mortality ratio 5.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

• Target 5b: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health

5.3 Contraceptive prevalence rate 5.4 Adolescent birth rate 5.5 Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit and at least four visits) 5.6 Unmet need for family planning

• While UNDP is not a specialised expert agency in health, we use our role as coordinator of the UN development system to support the mandates of other agencies.

WHO key working areas Strengthening health systems and promoting interventions focusing on policies and strategies that work, are pro-poor and cost-effective. Monitoring and evaluating the burden of maternal and newborn ill-health and its impact on societies and their socio-economic development. Building effective partnerships in order to make best use of scarce resources and minimize duplication in efforts to improve maternal and newborn health. Advocating for investment in maternal and newborn health by highlighting the social and economic benefits and by emphasizing maternal mortality as human rights and equity issue. Coordinating research, with wide-scale application, that focuses on improving maternal health in pregnancy and during and after childbirth.

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Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
• Targets
• Target 6a: Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

6.1 HIV prevalence among population aged 15-24 years 6.2 Condom use at last high-risk sex 6.3 Proportion of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS 6.4 Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years

• Target 6b: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it

6.5 Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs WHO is working with countries: to prevent people becoming infected with HIV – helping to change behaviours to reduce HIV risks; increasing access to prevention commodities; supporting programmes for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV; promoting safe blood supplies and prevention of HIV transmission in health care settings; assessing new prevention technologies; to expand the availability of treatment; to provide the best care for people living with HIV/ AIDS and their families; to expand access and uptake of HIV testing and counselling so that people can learn their HIV status; to strengthen health care systems so that they can deliver quality and sustainable HIV/AIDS programmes and services; and to improve HIV/AIDS information systems, including HIV surveillance, monitoring and evaluation and operational research.

• Target 6c: Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

6.6 Incidence and death rates associated with malaria 6.7 Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets 6.8 Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarial drugs 6.9 Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis 6.10 Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course WHO strategies Malaria WHO urges three main strategies to tackle malaria: prevention with long-lasting insecticidal nets; prevention with indoor residual spraying; and rapid treatment with effective anti-malarial medicines. WHO also recommends a special focus on preventing pregnant women and young children. WHO’s target, and that of the Roll Back Malaria Partnership, is to cut malaria by half by 2010, with the goal of reaching the MDG target by 2015. Tuberculosis WHO – in collaboration with the Stop TB Partnership – is working to combat the epidemic through Stop TB Strategy. This six-point strategy seeks to: pursue high-quality DOTS expansion and enhancement; address TB/HIV, multidrug-resistant TB and the needs of poor and vulnerable populations; contribute to health system strengthening based on primary health care; engage all care providers; empower people with TB, and communities through partnership; and enable and promote research.







Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

Targets




• Target 7a: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes; reverse loss of environmental resources




• Target 7b: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss




• Target 7a and 7b Indicators:




7.1 Proportion of land area covered by forest 7.2 CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP) 7.3 Consumption of ozone-depleting substances 7.4 Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits 7.5 Proportion of total water resources used 7.6 Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected 7.7 Proportion of species threatened with extinction




• Target 7c: Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation







7.8 Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source 7.9 Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility WHO activities WHO is working with countries and other UN agencies to: monitor progress towards the drinking water and sanitation target, through updated and refined estimates in collaboration with UNICEF in the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP); report on trends in policy, institutional and finance issues related to sanitation and drinking-water through the UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS); develop guidelines on quality of drinking-water, safe use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture, and management of safe recreational waters; provide guidance, capacity strengthening and good practice models to countries. This includes capacity building in over 20 countries to develop water resource management systems to insure the long term sustainability of water resources; manage networks of specialized issues including: small community water supply management; for the promotion and dissemination of information on household water treatment and safe storage; and for drinking-water regulators; assess needs and ensuring safe drinking water and sanitation to health facilities and vulnerable groups during emergencies and natural disasters.




• Target 7d: Achieve significant improvement in lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020




7.10 Proportion of urban population living in slums










Goal 8: A global partnership for development

Targets




• Target 8a: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system
• Includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction; both nationally and internationally




• Target 8b: Address the special needs of the least developed countries
• Includes tariff and quota free access for the least developed countries' exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction







• Target 8c: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly




• Target 8d: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term.







• Indicators for Targets 8a, 8b, 8c and 8d:




• Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States.
• Official development assistance (ODA)




8.1 Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors; gross national income 8.2 Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation 8.3 Proportion of bilateral official development assistance of OECD/DAC donors that is untied 8.4 ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of their gross national income 8.5 ODA received in small island developing States as a proportion of their gross national incomes




• Market access




8.6 Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and least developed countries, admitted free of duty 8.7 Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries 8.8 Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their gross domestic product 8.9 Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity




• Debt sustainability




8.10 Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative) 8.11 Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives 8.12 Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services




• Target 8e: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries




8.13 Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis




WHO's activities WHO has developed global indicators for availability, price and affordability of essential medicines. WHO/Health Action International pricing survey methodology used in over 50 countries has increased awareness of the pricing, affordability and availability of branded and generic medicines in the public and private sectors. WHO provides pharmaceutical manufacturers with the information they need to produce quality, safe, effective essential medicines to address leading public health concerns. WHO offers essential capacity building and quality assurance monitoring for over 250 medicines to treat millions of patients with HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, and with reproductive health needs in developing countries.




• Target 8f: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications




8.14 Telephone lines per 100 population 8.15 Cellular subscribers per 100 population 8.16 Internet users per 100 population