Excess energy intake is stored mainly as fat, whereas a deficit of energy intake causes loss of total body mass until energy expenditure eventually equals energy intake or death occurs.
Bone density loss
- Vit D increase Calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and helps control calcium deposition in the bone. The mechanism by which vit D increases calcium absorption is mainly to promote active transport of calcium through the epithelium of the ileum. In particular, it increases the formation of a calcium-binding protein in the intestinal epithelial cells that aids in calcium absorption.
Anemia
- Vit B12 deficiency (Vit B12 performs several metabolic functions, acting as hydrogen acceptor coenzyme for reducing ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides, a step necessary in replication of genes – promotion of red blood cell formation and maturation)
Flaky Skin
- Deficiency in Vit A (necessary for normal growth of most cells of the body and esp for normal growth and proliferation of of the different type of epithelial cells)
- Epithelial structures of the body tend to become stratified and keratinized
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